Oxidación celular y su relación con el consumo de alimentos antioxidantes en estudiantes universitarios

Desde la antigüedad se buscaba la "panacea de la juventud", la alquimia estuvo enfocada en ello y actualmente, estando en el ámbito educativo, se tiene la oportunidad de dar a conocer los productos alimenticios que tienen esa cualidad de ser antioxidantes y retardar el envejecimiento. Objetivo. Evaluar la oxidación celular y su relación con el consumo de alimentos antioxidantes en estudiantes universitarios de Pre grado de la Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle. Lima, Perú. Materiales y Métodos. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo explicativo con nivel relacional. La población estuvo conformada por estudiantes de la Facultad de Educación, y por muestreo aleatorio fueron considerados a 36 estudiantes del IX Ciclo, asumiendo que tienen la formación y competencias adecuadas, para salir al mercado laboral después de un ciclo de estudios académicos. Resultados. Se obtuvo que el 94.4 % si sabe que es oxidación celular, el 83.3 % sabe que es un antioxidante y el 88.8 % conoce la importancia del consumo de antioxidantes naturales entre los cuales la naranja es la más conocida por el contenido de antioxidantes, seguido de espinaca, col morada, uva negra, vino tinto y maíz morado. Conclusiones. Los estudiantes universitarios, consumen a diario fruta fresca de la estación, seguido de verduras con carotenos (color naranja) y frutos con licopeno de color rojo.

Since ancient times the "panacea of youth" was sought, alchemy was focused on it and nowadays, being in the educational field, we have the opportunity to make known the food products that have the quality of being antioxidants and delay aging. Objective. To evaluate cellular oxidation and its relationship with the consumption of antioxidant foods in undergraduate university students of the Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle. Lima, Peru. Materials and Methods. The research was descriptive and explanatory with a relational level. The population consisted of students of the Faculty of Education, and by random sampling 36 students of the IX Cycle were considered, assuming that they have adequate training and competencies to enter the labor market after a cycle of academic studies. Results. It was obtained that 94.4 % know what cellular oxidation is, 83.3 % know what an antioxidant is and 88.8 % know the importance of the consumption of natural antioxidants among which orange is the most known for its antioxidant content, followed by spinach, purple cabbage, black grape, red wine and purple corn. Conclusions. University students consume fresh seasonal fruit daily, followed by vegetables with carotenes (orange color) and fruits with red lycopene.

Desde a antiguidade se buscava a "panaceia da juventude", a alquimia se debruçava sobre ela e hoje, estando no campo educacional, temos a oportunidade de dar a conhecer os produtos alimentícios que têm a qualidade de serem antioxidantes e retardarem o envelhecimento. Objetivo. Avaliar a oxidação celular e sua relação com o consumo de alimentos antioxidantes em estudantes universitários de graduação da Universidade Nacional de Educação Enrique Guzmán y Valle. Lima, Peru. Materiais e métodos. A pesquisa foi descritiva e explicativa com um nível relacional. A população foi formada por alunos da Faculdade de Educação e, por amostragem aleatória, foram considerados 36 alunos do IX Ciclo, supondo-se que eles tenham a formação e as competências adequadas para sair para o mercado de trabalho após um ciclo de estudos acadêmicos. Resultados. Obteve-se que 94,4 % sabem o que é oxidação celular, 83,3 % sabem o que é um antioxidante e 88,8 % sabem a importância do consumo de antioxidantes naturais, entre os quais a laranja é a mais conhecida por seu conteúdo antioxidante, seguida por espinafre, repolho roxo, uvas pretas, vinho tinto e milho roxo. Conclusões. Os estudantes universitários consomem diariamente frutas frescas da estação, seguidas de vegetais com caroteno (cor laranja) e frutas com licopeno vermelho.

Radicales libres y sistema antioxidante

Los radicales libres son compuestos caracterizados por tener un electrón desapareado en su orbital externo, condición que los torna altamente reactivos, es decir, tienen la propiedad de interactuar a través de reacciones controladas por difusión con proteínas, lípidos y ácidos nucleicos. También se les ha designado como especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO), especies reactivas de nitrógeno (ERN) o especies reactivas de azufre (ERA). En el organismo humano se generan, principalmente, en la cadena transportadora de electrones mitocondrial, donde específicamente participan los complejos respiratorios I y III que tienen la propiedad de reducir al oxígeno y convertirlo en anión superóxido; así mismo, pueden formarse haciendo uso de una gran diversidad de reacciones enzimáticas y no enzimáticas en las que intervienen sustancias que la célula sintetiza o que se ingieren con los alimentos y algunos medicamentos. El ser humano dispone de un sistema antioxidante, que es de naturaleza enzimática y no enzimática, el cual tiene como función proteger al organismo de la acción nociva de los radicales libres; comprende enzimas -como catalasa, superóxido dismutasa, tiorredoxina, etc.- y compuestos no enzimáticos -como glutatión, ferritina, mioglobina, etc.-, pero no son lo suficientemente eficientes para protegerlo, por lo que es necesaria la ingesta de alimentos que contengan en su composición sustancias con propiedades antioxidantes cuya acción protectora dependerá de su reactividad química, así como de su concentración; estos compuestos antioxidantes se encuentran principalmente en las frutas y verduras, habiéndose identificado polifenoles, flavonoides, carotenoides, vitamina C, vitamina E, etc. Un número considerable de evidencias sugiere que la ingesta de sustancias antioxidantes protege al organismo del efecto dañino de los radicales libres, pero cuando prevalece la acción oxidante sobre la antioxidante puede conducirse al estrés oxidativo, condición que está estrechamente vinculada con una gran diversidad de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como cáncer, diabetes mellitus, obesidad, psoriasis, aterosclerosis, entre otras. Todo ello parece indicar que el término "estado estable redox celular" describe de manera apropiada la constante adaptación a una situación de rápido recambio químico, y sugiere que las sustancias implicadas en este proceso se designen como "especies biológicamente reactivas" en razón de la existencia de compuestos nocivos como el peróxido de hidrógeno, peroxinitrito, etc., que no son propiamente radicales libres, pero ejercen efectos dañinos a las células.

Free radicals are compounds characterized by having an unpaired electron in their outer orbit, a condition that makes them highly reactive, i.e., they interact through diffusion-controlled reactions with proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. They have also been referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) or reactive sulfur species (RSS). In the human organism, they are mainly produced in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, where respiratory complexes I and III specifically participate and reduce oxygen by converting it into superoxide anion. Likewise, they can be formed through a wide variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions involving substances that are synthesized by cells or are ingested with food and some medicines. Human beings have an antioxidant system which is both enzymatic and non-enzymatic in nature and whose function is to protect the organism from the harmful action of free radicals. This system includes enzymes-such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin, etc.-and non-enzymatic compounds- such as glutathione, ferritin, myoglobin, etc. However, they are not efficient enough to protect it, so it is necessary to eat foods that contain substances with antioxidant properties whose protective action will depend on their chemical reactivity and their concentration. These antioxidant compounds are mainly found in fruits and vegetables, where polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, etc. have been identified. A significant amount of evidence suggests that the intake of antioxidant substances protects the body from the damaging effect of free radicals, but when the oxidative action prevails over the antioxidant action, it can lead to oxidative stress, a condition that is closely linked to a wide variety of chronic non-communicable diseases including cancer, diabetes mellitus, obesity, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, among others. All this seems to indicate that the term "cellular redox steady state" more appropriately describes the constant adaptation to a situation of rapid chemical turnover and suggests that the substances involved in this process be designated as "biologically reactive species" due to the existence of harmful compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, etc., which are not-strictly speaking-free radicals but have toxic effects on cells.

Phytochemical Investigation and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Panchavalkala Bark Extracts

Natural antioxidants have an important role in the prevention of many age-related diseases and promotion of health. Among natural antioxidants from plants, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds are potent antioxidants and chelating agents. Panchavalkala the barks of five trees i.e. Nyagrodha (Ficus benghalensis L.), Udumbara (Ficus racemosa L.), Ashwatha (Ficus religiosa L.), Plaksha (Ficus virens Aiton) and Parisha (Thespesia populnea (L.)Sol.ex Correa) are also known as Pancha Ksheeri Vrikshas in use since Vedic period. Barks of these trees are dried in shade and are used for different formulations (Pancha Kashaya Kalpanas), in different pathological conditions, especially as wound healing, gynecological disorders and etc. The plant samples were extracted using ethanol and water, and subjected for the phytochemical analysis. It was confirmed that samples contain many biologically active compounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and terpinoids etc. The marker compound of each trial drug and the quantitative analysis has been carried out by high performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant study was done by using in vitro method 1, 1­-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The marker compounds caffeic acid and gallic acid were quantified in each extract for their quality and efficacy. PVK barks showed high free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the low IC50 values in DPPH (EE PVK- 20.46µg/ml, AE PVK-37.79µg/ml, EE T.poulenea-22µg/ml, AE T. poulenia- 23.31µg/ml AE F. benghalensis- 25.53µg/ml, EE F. benghalensis- 26.23µg/ml, EE F. religiosa - 34µg/ml). Quercetin- IC50 value 4.026µg/ml is used as standard. The results of the study demonstrated that PVK barks possess phyto-constituent’s viz. tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols etc. and has potential antioxidant activity. Thus these barks have good therapeutic potential as natural antioxidant and might be used in life style related conditions like hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disorders and etc.

Association of hemoglobin level and packed cell volume with gestational diabetes mellitus

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of insulin resistance that develops in the second trimester of pregnancy. This type of diabetes ends after delivery. GDM poses serious health hazards to both the mother and the baby. Pathology behind this carbohydrate intolerance is insulin resistance. The previous studies have pointed out that this insulin resistance is due to oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Free radicals can be generated by iron. Since pregnancy is a condition where iron requirement rises, universal iron supplementation is given. According to the previous studies, excess iron can cause free-radical mediated injury leading on to diabetes. Supplementation of a prooxidant irrespective of body iron stores may be more harmful than beneficial. Hemoglobin and PCV are two hematological parameters that reflect body iron stores. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare hemoglobin and PCV values in pregnant woman with and without GDM. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was done in the obstetric department of a tertiary care center in south India from August 2010 to December 2010.The study included 85 cases and 85 controls. Cases were pregnant women at 24–28 weeks of gestation with gestational diabetes who attended the obstetric OPD during the study period. GDM was diagnosed as per ADA guidelines. Controls were pregnant women at 24–28 weeks gestation without GDM as per ADA guidelines. Data for the study were collected using a preformed tested questionnaire. All subjects were provided with iron supplementation according to the national programme. Estimation of hemoglobin and PCV was done with 2 ml of blood sample obtained by venepuncture using an automated analyzer. The association of elevated hemoglobin and PCV with the risk of developing GDM was tested using Chi-square analysis. P ? 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Hemoglobin in cases and controls showed a significant difference by Chi-square analysis (P = 0.004). PCV in cases was significantly higher than in controls by Chi-square analysis (P = 0.003). Conclusion: The study found a statistically significant association between higher maternal hemoglobin level and PCV with GDM.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical prospection of Eugenia involucrata DC. leaf extracts / Atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidante e prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos das folhas de Eugenia involucrata DC

Abstract The species Eugenia involucrata DC. is a plant native to Brazil and is traditionally used for intestinal problems, however, little research has documented about its biological potential and phytochemical profile. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical prospecting, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of E. involucrata extracts. Using the E. involucrata leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans, with concentrations between 3.12 and 50 mg/mL. The ethanolic and metanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (>90%). The methanol extract showed an IC50 value statistically equal to that found for the commercial antioxidant BHT (p <0.05). The crude extracts obtained with ethanol and methanol were the most promising. These results suggest that methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts are a promising source of natural bioactive.

Resumo A espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma planta nativa do Brasil e tradicionalmente utilizada para problemas intestinais, porém, poucas pesquisas documentam sobre seu potencial biológico e perfil fitoquímico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção fitoquímica preliminar, o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante dos extratos de E. involucrata. A partir das folhas de E. involucrata, foram obtidos extratos aquosos e orgânicos com os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de saponinas, esteroides, flavonóides e taninos nos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, assim como para a levedura Candida albicans, com concentrações entre 3,12 e 50 mg/mL. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram alto potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (> 90%). O extrato metanólico apresentou IC50 estatisticamente igual ao encontrado para o antioxidante comercial BHT (p <0,05). Os extratos brutos obtidos com etanol e metanol foram os mais promissores. Esses resultados sugerem que os extratos metanólico, etanólico e aquoso são uma fonte promissora de bioativos naturais.

Efficacy of mouse nerve growth factor combined with edaravone in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning and its influence on oxygen free radical-related indicators / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect of the combination of mouse nerve growth factor and edaravone in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning and its effect on patients′ cognitive function, lactic acid clearance rate, and related indicators of oxygen free radicals.Methods:A selection of 158 patients with carbon monoxide poisoning in the Huxi Hospital Affilliated Jining Medical College from May 2017 to June 2020 were divided into study group (80 cases) and control group (78 cases) according to the treatment plan. Both groups were given conventional treatment. On this basis, the control group was given edaravone, and the study group was given mouse nerve growth factor combined with edaravone, both of which were treated for 2 weeks. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared with those before treatment and 1 week and 2 weeks after treatment. Neurological impairment score (NIHSS), disease severity score (APACHE Ⅱ), cognitive function score (MMSE), serum inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP)], oxygen free radical related indicators [lipid peroxide (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluten Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), malondialdehyde (MDA)] levels, blood lactic acid levels before treatment and lactic acid clearance rates after 12 h, 24 h, 72 h treatment, and statistics of adverse reactions and 30-day mortality.Results:The total effective rate of the study group was higher than that of the control group after 2 weeks of treatment [95.00% (76/80) vs. 78.21% (61/78)] ( P<0.05); NIHSS and APACHEⅡ scores of the study group after 1 week and 2 weeks of treatment Lower than the control group: (6.08 ± 1.15) points vs. (8.94 ± 1.71) points, (4.58 ± 0.74) points vs. (6.32 ± 0.93) points and (6.79 ± 1.03) points vs. (8.02 ± 1.47) points, (5.94 ± 1.47) points vs. (7.25 ± 0.94) points, the MMSE score was higher than that of the control group: (22.09 ± 4.35) points vs. (19.34 ± 5.32) points, (26.05 ± 2.37) points vs. (22.47 ± 4.64) points ( P<0.05) After 1 and 2 weeks of treatment, the serum TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, LPO and MDA levels in the study group were lower than those in the control group: (22.62 ± 4.12) ng/L vs. (29.43 ± 4.68) ng/L and (18.21 ± 2.09) ng/L vs. (24.37 ± 3.16) ng/L, (39.67 ± 4.35) ng/L vs. (52.14 ± 5.48) ng/L and (34.83 ± 3.75) ng/L vs. (41.07 ± 4.09) ng/L, (12.63 ± 1.85) mg/L vs. (17.02 ± 2.47) mg/L and (8.27 ± 1.16) mg/L vs. (11.05 ± 1.62) mg/L, (11.06 ± 1.28) μmol/L vs. (15.97 ± 1.85) μmol/L and (8.24 ± 1.12) μmol/L vs. (12.97 ± 1.40) μmol/L, (7.15 ± 1.16) μmol/L vs. (9.02 ± 1.47) μmol/L and (6.12 ± 0.96) μmol/L vs. (7.84 ± 1.25) μmol/L, the levels of SOD and GSH-PX were higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05); the lactate clearance rate in the study group was higher than that in the control group after 12, 24 and 72 h of treatment: (18.49 ± 3.63)% vs. (14.62 ± 2.95)%, (23.19 ± 4.20)% vs. (17.42 ± 3.57)%, (29.86 ± 6.37)% vs. (25.38 ± 5.21)% ( P<0.05); the incidence of adverse reactions in the study group during treatment Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference ( P>0.05); there was no significant difference in the 30-day mortality between the study group and the control group ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The combination of mouse nerve growth factor and edaravone in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning can reduce the severity of disease and neurological deficits, improve cognitive function and lactate clearance rate, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, improve efficacy, and have good safety.

Effect of a single resistance exercise session on inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in women living with HIV / Efeito de uma única sessão de exercício resistido sobre marcadores inflamatórios e estresse oxidativo em mulheres vivendo com hiv

ABSTRACT People living with HIV (PLH), who use antiretroviral therapy (ART), are more susceptible to changes in the inflammatory profile and oxidative stress, and women have greater access to ART. Although physical exercise is a complementary strategy to treatment due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it is not clear whether acute responses to exercise can be harmful to PLH. The aim of the study was to investigate the acute effect of resistance exercise (RE) on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in PLH. Ten women, using ART, performed RE session consisting of seven exercises for the whole body. For biochemical evaluation, blood samples were collected before (pre), 1 hour (1h) and 2 hours (2h) after the RE session. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to compare results between time points. There was an increase only in markers, GSSG of 160% (pre: 0.40 ± 0.11; 1h: 1.18 ± 0.36; 2h: 1.04 ± 0.25 mmol/g), TNF-α of 98 % (pre: 4.60 ± 0.55; 1h: 6.95 ± 0.77; 2h: 9.10 ± 1.03 pg/ml) and 52% IL-6 (pre: 2.47 ± 0 .67; 1h: 3.63 ± 1.26; 2h: 5.38 ± 2.15 pg/ml). The other variables remained unchanged (P > 0.05). It is concluded that a RE session increased the levels of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in PLH in a non-exacerbated way.

RESUMO Pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVH), que utilizam a terapia antirretroviral (TARV), são mais suscetíveis a alterações no perfil inflamatório e estresse oxidativo, sendo que as mulheres possuem maior acesso à TARV. Embora o exercício físico seja uma estratégia complementar ao tratamento devido aos seus efeitos antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios, não está claro se as respostas agudas ao exercício podem ser prejudiciais às PVH. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito agudo de exercícios com pesos (EP) sobre marcadores inflamatórios e de estresse oxidativo em PVH. Dez mulheres, em uso da TARV, realizaram uma sessão de EP constituída por sete exercícios para o corpo todo. Para avaliação bioquímica, amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes (pré), 1 hora (1h) e 2 horas (2h) após a sessão de EP. A ANOVA one-way seguida do teste post hoc de Bonferroni foi utilizada para comparação dos resultados entre os momentos. Houve aumento apenas nos marcadores, GSSG de 160% (pré: 0,40 ± 0,11; 1h: 1,18 ± 0,36; 2h:1,04 ± 0,25 mmol/g), TNF-α de 98% (pré: 4,60 ± 0,55; 1h: 6,95 ± 0,77; 2h: 9,10 ± 1,03 pg/ml) e IL-6 de 52% (pré: 2,47 ± 0,67; 1h: 3,63 ± 1,26; 2h: 5,38 ± 2,15 pg/ml). As demais variáveis permaneceram sem alterações (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que uma sessão de EP aumentou os níveis de marcadores inflamatórios e estresse oxidativo em PVH de forma não exacerbada.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical prospection of Eugenia involucrata DC leaf extracts / Atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidante e prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos das folhas de Eugenia involucrata DC

The species Eugenia involucrata DC. is a plant native to Brazil and is traditionally used for intestinal problems, however, little research has documented about its biological potential and phytochemical profile. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical prospecting, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of E. involucrata extracts. Using the E. involucrata leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans, with concentrations between 3.12 and 50 mg/mL. The ethanolic and metanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (>90%). The methanol extract showed an IC50 value statistically equal to that found for the commercial antioxidant BHT (p <0.05). The crude extracts obtained with ethanol and methanol were the most promising. These results suggest that methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts are a promising source of natural bioactive.

A espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma planta nativa do Brasil e tradicionalmente utilizada para problemas intestinais, porém, poucas pesquisas documentam sobre seu potencial biológico e perfil fitoquímico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção fitoquímica preliminar, o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante dos extratos de E. involucrata. A partir das folhas de E. involucrata, foram obtidos extratos aquosos e orgânicos com os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de saponinas, esteroides, flavonóides e taninos nos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, assim como para a levedura Candida albicans, com concentrações entre 3,12 e 50 mg/mL. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram alto potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (> 90%). O extrato metanólico apresentou IC50 estatisticamente igual ao encontrado para o antioxidante comercial BHT (p <0,05). Os extratos brutos obtidos com etanol e metanol foram os mais promissores. Esses resultados sugerem que os extratos metanólico, etanólico e aquoso são uma fonte promissora de bioativos naturais.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical prospection of Eugenia involucrata DC. leaf extracts

Abstract The species Eugenia involucrata DC. is a plant native to Brazil and is traditionally used for intestinal problems, however, little research has documented about its biological potential and phytochemical profile. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical prospecting, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of E. involucrata extracts. Using the E. involucrata leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans, with concentrations between 3.12 and 50 mg/mL. The ethanolic and metanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (>90%). The methanol extract showed an IC50 value statistically equal to that found for the commercial antioxidant BHT (p 0.05). The crude extracts obtained with ethanol and methanol were the most promising. These results suggest that methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts are a promising source of natural bioactive.

Resumo A espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma planta nativa do Brasil e tradicionalmente utilizada para problemas intestinais, porém, poucas pesquisas documentam sobre seu potencial biológico e perfil fitoquímico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção fitoquímica preliminar, o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante dos extratos de E. involucrata. A partir das folhas de E. involucrata, foram obtidos extratos aquosos e orgânicos com os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de saponinas, esteroides, flavonóides e taninos nos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, assim como para a levedura Candida albicans, com concentrações entre 3,12 e 50 mg/mL. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram alto potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (> 90%). O extrato metanólico apresentou IC50 estatisticamente igual ao encontrado para o antioxidante comercial BHT (p 0,05). Os extratos brutos obtidos com etanol e metanol foram os mais promissores. Esses resultados sugerem que os extratos metanólico, etanólico e aquoso são uma fonte promissora de bioativos naturais.

Role of free radicals in cerebral ischemic tolerance of rats induced by limb ischemic preconditioning / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To explore whether free radicals participate in cerebral ischemic tolerance and the up-regula-tion of p38 MAPK and ERK signaling pathways in rats induced by limb ischemic preconditioning (LIP). METHODS: A total of 128 Wistar rats with permanent occlusion of bilateral vertebral arteries were randomly divided into sham group (n=16), cerebral ischemia (CI) group (n=16), LIP+CI group (n=16), DMTU (a free radical scavenger)+LIP+CI group (n=64) and DMTU+sham group (n=16). Six rats in each group were used to observe the delayed neuronal death (DND) in hippocampal CA1 region by thionin staining at 7 d after the end of operation. Other 10 rats in each group were used to de-tect the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK in hippocampal CA1 region by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RE-SULTS: Lethal CI resulted in obvious DND in hippocampal CA1 region. However, LIP reversed the above injurious changes, represented by the decrease in histological grade and the increase in neuronal density compared with CI group (P<0. 01). Moreover, LIP significantly up-regulated the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK in hippocampal CA1 region com-pared with CI group (P<0. 01). Administration of free radical scavenger DMTU via femoral vein before LIP partially re-versed the neuroprotective effect of LIP, and blocked the up-regulation of p38 MAPK and ERK expression in hippocampal CA1 region in rats compared with LIP+CI group (P<0. 01). CONCLUSION: Free radicals are involved in the neuropro-tection and up-regulation of p38 MAPK and ERK expression induced by LIP in rats.

A correlation biomarker between BMI and lipid peroxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without other complications

Objectives: Body mass index (BMI) is a traditional measurement practice that divides a person’s weight by their height to find out whether they have a healthy range of weight. The objective of this study is to understand the relation between BMI and prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Material and Methods: BMI distribution among these patients was compared with and without hypertension and dyslipidemia. The improper of secretion of insulin leads to changes in metabolism of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates also characterized hyperglycemia generally considered as diabetes mellitus (DM). Results: The excessive formation of free radicals induces oxidative stress, and the antioxidant defense system becomes weaken and hence arises diabetic disorder and overproduction of malondialdehyde (MDA). In cells, the polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation is considered as the final product and marker of oxidative stress. Conclusion: In this study, significantly increased BMI is observed in diabetic victims in comparison with control group. A significant positive correlation was noticed between glycated hemoglobin, cholesterol, and MDA. In conclusion, for the prevention and management of vascular complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus, maintaining normal levels of MDA and body weight are very important. Further large-scale studies are required to confirm it

Influence of different preparation techniques on the composition and antioxidant action of curcumin and curcuminoids / Influencia de diferentes técnicas de preparación en la composición y acción antioxidante de la curcumina y los curcuminoides

Epidemiological evidence indicates that plant antioxidants activity can treat or help to prevent the development of various diseases. One species with great potential as an antioxidant is Curcuma longa. However, different extraction techniquescan influence isolated chemical compounds. This study investigated chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two rhizome extracts of C. longa: hydroethanolic, obtained by exhaustion (HECLex); and dried by a spray dryer (HECLsd). The phytochemical composition was evaluated by GC/MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Total phenolic compounds and soil analyses were performed. The main components of HECLex were ar-turmerone, γ-curcumene, α-turmerone, and ß-sesquiphellandrene. The main components of HECLsd were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 2, 3-bis([trimethylsilyl]oxy) propyl ester, verrucarol, and 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether. HECLsd had significantly higher levels of phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant capacity compared with HECLex. In conclusion, processes of the preparation of C. longarhizomes alter the chemical components and consequently their biological activity.

La evidencia epidemiológica indica que la actividad de los antioxidantes de las plantas pueden tratar o ayudar a prevenir el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades. Una especie con gran potencial como antioxidante es Curcuma longa. Sin embargo, diferentes técnicas de extracción pueden influir en los compuestos químicos aislados. Este estudio investigó la composición química y la actividad antioxidante de dos extractos de rizoma de C. longa: hidroetanólico, obtenido por agotamiento (HECLex); y se seca con un secador por pulverización (HECLsd). La composición fitoquímica se evaluó mediante GC/MS. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó mediante ensayos DPPH y FRAP. Se realizaron análisis de suelos y compuestos fenólicos totales. Los componentes principales de HECLex fueron ar-turmerona, γ-curcumene, α-turmerone y ß-sesquiphellandrene. Los componentes principales de HECLsd fueron ácido 9,12,15-octadecatrienoico, éster 2,3-bis ([trimetilsilil] oxi) propílico, verrucarol y éter 1-monolinoleoilglicerol trimetilsilil. HECLsd tenía niveles significativamente más altos de compuestos fenólicos y mayor capacidad antioxidante en comparación con HECLex. En conclusión, los procesos de preparación de los rizomas de C. longa alteran los componentes químicos y consecuentemente su actividad biológica.

Protective effects of the total bakkenolides from Petasites tricholobus on hypoxia mice under normobaric pressure / 药学实践杂志

Objective To investigate the protective effects of the total bakkenolides from P.tricholobus on improving hypoxia tolerance in mice. Methods Mice normobaric pressure hypoxia model and oxygen glucose deprivation model in PC12 cells were established, and the effects of PTB on survival time, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, brain and heart superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities, brain tissue pathological changes and cell survival were observed. Results The total bakkenolides from P.tricholobus had prolonged the survival time of mice in confined spaces, increased the activity of SOD and GSH, reduced the production of lipid peroxidation, decreased the degree of anaerobic glycolysis, protected the structure and function of neural cells, and improved the survival rate of OGD-treated cells. Conclusion The total bakkenolides from P.tricholobus could promote the hypoxia tolerance in mice which might be related to scavenging oxygen free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation reaction and protecting the structures and functions of nerve cells.

Clinical problems and outcome indicators in the expert consensus determined by the Delphi method of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral potential malignant diseases / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To determine the clinical problems and outcome indicators that need to be included in the expert consensus of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral potential malignant diseases. @*Methods@# Based on the relevant literature, the clinical problems and outcome indicators were drafted during the meeting. The Delphi method was used for expert consultation and expert opinion collection. The average and standard deviation of the voting results were calculated to determine the importance of the indicators, and the positive coefficient, variation coefficient and coordination coefficient were calculated for quality control. @* Results@#In the first round of the Delphi method, 12 outcome indicators (the main reference elements include photon integral flux, power density, illumination time, and spot diameter were identified; the specific parameters are photon integral flux of 100 J/cm2 and power density of 100-600 mW/cm2. A diode laser of (630 ± 5) nm wavelength should be chosen. The analgesic regimen is local anesthesia supplemented by hypothermia and intermittent laser irradiation before treatment. Lesions with hyperkeratotic require pretreatment. The concentration of ALA administered was set at 20%. Eight clinical problems (main reference elements of photodynamic irradiation dose, specific parameters, choice of light source, evaluation criteria of efficacy, prevention of adverse effects, dosing concentration, whether oral potentially malignant diseases with hyperkeratosis should be pretreated, administration of photosensitizers) were included according to the literature and expert discussion. In the second round, 89 experts completed the questionnaire and gave very important evaluations of 9 outcome indicators (the main reference elements included photon integral flux, power density and illumination time; the specific parameters were a photon integral flux of 100 J/cm 2 and a power density of 100-600 mW/cm2). A diode laser of (630 ± 5)nm wavelength should be chosen. The concentration of ALA administered was set at 20%. Six clinical problems (main reference elements of photodynamic irradiation dose, specific parameters, choice of light source, evaluation criteria of efficacy, dosing concentration, administration of photosensitizers), and the remaining 3 were given important evaluations, with good consistency.@*Conclusion@# In this study, the irradiation dose, mode of administration and concentration, evaluation criteria of efficacy, prevention of adverse effects and pretreatment regimen of ALA photodynamic therapy for oral potentially malignant diseases determined by the Delphi method had good agreement among experts.

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant potentials of the methanolic crude extract from Inula glomerata Oliv. & Hiern (Asteraceae) and Salacia kraussii (Harv) Harv (Celastraceae) / Potenciales antioxidantes in vitro e in vivo del extracto crudo metanólico de Inula glomerata Oliv. & Hiern. (Asteraceae) y Salacia kraussii (Harv) Harv (Celastraceae)

Reactive oxygen species are implicated in multiple pathological conditions including erectile dysfunction. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of Inula glomerata and Salacia kraussii. The plant materials were pulverized and extracted with methanol. The phytochemical analysis, ability of the crude extracts to scavenge free radicals (ABTS, DPPH, NO.) in vitroas well as the total phenolic and flavonoid contents was investigated. In vivo, antioxidant potentials of the crude extracts (50/250 mg/kg body weight) were determined in an erectile dysfunction rat model. The phytochemical analysis revealed that both plants contain flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and alkaloids. The crude extracts at varying degree of efficiency, scavenged ABTS and DPPH radicals. The crude extracts at low concentrations (50 mg/kg b.w) significantly (p<0.05) diminished the level of malondialdehyde, augmented catalase activities and elevated glutathione levels. However, SOD activities were significantly boosted in a dose-dependent manner by the crude extracts. Therefore, I. glomerataand S. kraussiipossess antioxidant properties, hence, can serve as a therapeutic modality in the treatment of oxidative stress-induced erectile dysfunction.

Las especies reactivas de oxígeno están implicadas en múltiples condiciones patológicas, incluyendo la disfunción eréctil. Este estudio evaluó el potencial antioxidante in vitro e in vivo de extractos metanólicos de Inula glomeratay Salacia kraussii. Los materiales vegetales fueron pulverizados y extraídos con metanol. A estos extractos crudos se les llevó a cabo el análisis fitoquímico junto con el contenido total de fenólicos y flavonoides, así como se les investigó la capacidad in vitro para atrapar radicales (ABTS, DPPH, NO.). Los potenciales antioxidantes in vivo de los extractos crudos (50/250 mg/kg de peso corporal) se determinaron en un modelo en ratas con disfunción eréctil. El análisis fitoquímico reveló que ambas plantas contuvieron flavonoides, taninos, terpenoides y alcaloides. Los extractos crudos con un grado variable de eficiencia, atraparon a los radicales ABTS y DPPH. Los extractos crudos a bajas concentraciones (50 mg/kg p.c) significativamente (p<0.05) disminuyeron el nivel de malondialdehído, aumentaron las actividades de catalasa y elevaron los niveles de glutatión. Sin embargo, las actividades de SOD por los extractos crudos fueron significativamente dosis-dependientes. Así, los extractos de I. glomeratay S. kraussii mostraron propiedades antioxidantes, y por lo tanto, podrían servir como una alternativa terapéutica en el tratamiento de disfunción eréctil inducida por estrés oxidativo.

Efecto radioprotector del ácido tánico y vinos de la var vitis vinífera L. cv tannat en Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Radioprotective effect of tannic acid and wines of the vitis vinifera L. cv tannat on Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Proteção contra radiação por vinho tinto var tannat e ácido tanico em Saccharomyces cerevisiae

El vino tinto variedad Vitis vinifera L. cv Tannat en los últimos años ha tomado relevancia por su alta concentración de polifenoles, esto le podría significar un rol protector sobre el genoma disminuyendo la formación de lesiones oxidativas. Los efectos a nivel celular de las radiaciones ionizantes en blancos como el ADN, componentes de cascadas de transducción de señales, resultan en lesiones letales, mutagénicas y recombinogénicas y en retardos en el ciclo celular. Se utilizó como modelo eucariota poblaciones de Saccharomyces cerevisiae en fase exponencial expuestas a radiación gamma (200 Gy) en presencia, o ausencia, de vino Tannat (10 % v/v) o de ácido tánico (60 µg/mL). Se estimaron las probabilidades de sobrevida y frecuencia mutagénica en distintas condiciones. Las muestras celulares expuestas a radiación ionizante presentaron una fracción de sobrevida de 0.21 ± 0.02 mientras que en las muestras irradiadas en presencia de vino Tannat o de ácido tánico la fracción de sobrevida fue de 0.33 ± 0.03 y 0.30 ± 0.03 respectivamente. Se observó en las poblaciones irradiadas un aumento significativo de la probabilidad de mutagénesis. En el caso de los tratamientos combinados se observó que la frecuencia mutagénica fue significativamente menor (gamma Tannat: 33%, gamma ácido tánico: 45% ). Estos resultados preliminares podrían indicar radioprotección moderada por parte de los compuestos estudiados, efecto que podría explicarse por las interacciones redox del ácido tánico y polifenoles contenidos en el vino con los radicales libres formados por las radiaciones ionizantes, además de la activación de vías de reparación genómica.

The red wine variety Vitis vinifera L. cv Tannat in recent years has gained relevance due to its high concentration of polyphenols, this could mean a protective role on the genome, reducing the formation of oxidative lesions. The effects at the cellular level of ionizing radiation on targets such as DNA, components of signal transduction cascades, result in lethal, mutagenic and recombinogenic lesions and delays in the cell cycle. Exponential phase populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to gamma radiation (200 Gy) in the presence or absence of Tannat wine (10% v / v) or tannic acid (60 µg / ml) were used as a eukaryotic model. The probabilities of survival and mutagenic frequency in different conditions were estimated. Cellular samples exposed to ionizing radiation presented a survival fraction of 0.21 ± 0.02, while in samples irradiated in the presence of Tannat wine or tannic acid, the survival fraction was 0.33 ± 0.03 and 0.30 ± 0.03 respectively. A significant increase in the probability of mutagenesis was observed in irradiated populations. In the case of the combined treatments, it was observed that the mutagenic frequency was significantly lower (Tannat gamma: 33%, Tannic acid gamma: 45%). These preliminary results could indicate moderate radioprotection by the compounds studied, an effect that could be explained by the redox interactions of tannic acid and polyphenols contained in wine with the free radicals formed by ionizing radiation, in addition to the activation of genomic repair pathways.

A variedade de vinho tinto Vitis vinifera L. cv Tannat nos últimos anos tem ganhado relevância devido à sua alta concentração de polifenóis, o que pode significar um papel protetor do genoma, reduzindo a formação de lesões oxidativas. Os efeitos no nível celular da radiação ionizante em alvos como o DNA, componentes de cascatas de transdução de sinal, resultam em lesões letais, mutagênicas e recombinogênicas e atrasos no ciclo celular. Populações de fase exponencial de Saccharomyces cerevisiae expostas à radiação gama (200 Gy) na presença ou ausência de vinho Tannat (10% v / v) ou ácido tânico (60 µg / ml) foram utilizadas como modelo eucariótico. Foram estimadas as probabilidades de sobrevivência e frequência mutagênica em diferentes condições. As amostras celulares expostas à radiação ionizante apresentaram uma fração de sobrevivência de 0,21 ± 0,02, enquanto nas amostras irradiadas na presença de vinho Tannat ou ácido tânico, a fração de sobrevivência foi de 0,33 ± 0,03 e 0,30 ± 0,03, respectivamente. Um aumento significativo na probabilidade de mutagênese foi observado nas populações irradiadas. No caso dos tratamentos combinados, observou-se que a frequência mutagênica foi significativamente menor (Tannat gama: 33%, ácido tânico gama: 45%). Esses resultados preliminares podem indicar radioproteção moderada pelos compostos estudados, efeito que pode ser explicado pelas interações redox do ácido tânico e polifenóis contidos no vinho com os radicais livres formados pela radiação ionizante, além da ativação de vias de reparo genômico.

Actividad antioxidante de cuatros especies vegetales del nordeste argentino / Antioxidant activity of four plant species in the Argentine Northeast / Atividade antioxidante de quatro espécies de plantas no Nordeste argentino

RESUMEN Objetivos: Determinar la composición fitoquímica y evaluar la actividad antioxidante de los extractos hidroalcohólicos de S. haematospermum; P. niruri; P. tenellus; E. serpens. Metodología: La composición fitoquímica se analizó por cromatografía en capa fina y la actividad antioxidante se observó de modo cualitativo por ensayo autográfico. Los fenoles totales se cuantificaron con el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y flavonoides totales con la reacción de complejación de aluminio. Para determinar la actividad antioxidante se utilizaron las técnicas de decoloración del radical libre DPPH• (2,2- difenil-1-picrilhidracilo) y del radical catión ABTS•+ (ácido 2,2'-azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolin)-6-sulfónico) y del poder reductor del catión hierro (III). Resultados: El estudio fitoquímico evidenció en todas las especies la presencia de metabolitos bioactivos. El contenido de fenoles totales osciló entre: 627,71 ± 1,45 y 369,8±52,6 mg EAG/g muestra y de flavonoides totales fue de 12,2 ± 0,1 hasta 4,5 ± 0,3 mg Q/g muestra. Las especies S. haematospermum y P. tenellus presentaron mayor contenido de polifenoles. Los ensayos de actividad antioxidante permitieron reconocer que S. haematospermum y P. tenellus tienen capacidad de mayor inhibición de los radicales libres probados y mostraron mayor poder reductor los extractos hidroalcohólicos S. haematospermum y P. niruri.

SUMMARY Objectives: To determine the phytochemical composition and evaluate the anti-oxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of S. haematospermum; P. niruri; P. tenellus; E. serpens. Methodology: The phytochemical composition was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and the antioxidant activity was observed qualitatively by autographic assay. Total phenols were quantified with the Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoids with the aluminum complexation reaction. To determine the antioxidant activity, the discoloration techniques of the free radical DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydracil) and of the cation radical ABTS•+ (2,2-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) and the reducing power of the iron (III) cation. Results: The phytochemical study showed the presence of bioactive metabolites in all species. The total phenol content ranged from: 627.71 ± 1.45 to 369.8 ± 52.6 mg EAG / g sample and total flavonoids was 12.2 ± 0.1 to 4.5 ± 0.3 mg Q / g sample. The species S. haematospermum and P. tenellus presented higher content of polyphenols. The antioxidant activity tests allowed recognizing that S. haematospermum and P. tenellus have a capacity for greater inhibition of the tested free radicals and the hydroalcoholic extracts S. haematospermum and P. niruri showed greater reducing power.

RESUMO Objetivos: Determinar a composição fitoquímica e avaliar a atividade antioxidante dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de S. haematospermum; P. niruri; P. tenellus; E. serpens. Metodologia: A composição fitoquímica foi analisada por cromatografía em camada delgada e a atividade antioxidante foi observada qualitativamente por ensaio autográ-fico. Fenóis totais foram quantificados pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu e flavonóides totais pela reação de complexação de alumínio. Para determinar a atividade antioxidante, as técnicas de descoloração do radical livre DPPH• (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracil) e do radical catiônico ABTS•+ (2,2-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-sulfônico ácido) e o poder redutor do cátion ferro (III). Resultados: O estudo fitoquímico mostrou a presença de metabólitos bioativos em todas as espécies. O conteúdo total de fenol variou de: 627,71 ± 1,45 a 369,8 ± 52,6 mg EAG / g amostra e flavonóides totais foi de 12,2 ± 0,1 a 4,5 ± 0,3 mg Q / g amostra. As espécies S. haematospermum e P. tenellus apresentaram maior teor de polifenóis. Os testes de atividade antioxidante permitiram reconhecer que S. haematospermum e P. tenellus apresentam maior capacidade de inibição dos radicais livres testados e os extratos hidroalcoólicos S. haematospermum e P. niruri apresentaram maior poder redutor.

Actividad antioxidante del gel a base de extracto de Origanum vulgare ¿Importante para la salud bucal? Estudio preliminar / Antioxidant activity of Origanum vulgare extract gel. Is it important for oral health?. Preliminary study

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la actividad antioxidante del extracto hidroalcohólico de Origanum vulgare a través de 03 métodos de ensayo DPPH, ABTS y FRAP. Material y métodos: La muestra recolectada de Origanum vulgare se secó, redujo el tamaño y se colocó a macerar 500 gramos de muestra seca en 1000 mL de etanol 97% durante una semana. Pasado el tiempo se procedió a filtrar el macerado y se concentró en estufa. Se procedió a realizar las formulaciones. Estas diluciones, se sometieron a los análisis antioxidantes. Resultados: Método DPPH, el gel al 25% mostró un IC50 de 98,485 mg/mL equivalente a la dilución del 78,789% y para el caso del estándar Trolox® presentó un IC50 de 2,48 µg/mL. Método ABTS, la formulación de gel al 25% presentó un IC50 de 3,687 mg/mL equivalente a una dilución de 77,75% y para el estándar Trolox® presentó un IC50 de 2,99 µg/mL, a diferencia de las otras formulaciones. Se evidenció relación entre el porcentaje de inhibición y concentración de las muestras con una correlación aceptada (R2) para geles al 25%, 50%, 75% de extracto de Origanum vulgare y Trolox® de 0,9972; 0,9987 y 0,9986 respectivamente. Método FRAP, observó acción rápida durante los 4 minutos, siendo 125 mg de extracto contenido en el gel de 25% equivalente a 4mg de Trolox®. Conclusiones: Se determinó la actividad antioxidante equivalente al Trolox®, mediante análisis antioxidante, con mejor poder de captación de radical libre promedio (Trolox/mg) de extracto y estuvo presente en el gel a base de Extracto de Origanum vulgare al 25%.

SUMMARY Objective: To determine the antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Origanum vulgare through DPPH, ABTS and FRAP essays. Material and Methods: The sample collected from Origanum vulgare was dried, reduced in size and placed to macerate 500 grams of dry sample in 1000 mL of 97% ethanol for one week. After time, the macerate was processed through a filter and concentrated in an oven. The formulations were carried out and the dilutions were analyzed with the antioxidant essays. Results : DPPH Method, the 25% gel showed an IC50 of 98.485 mg / mL equivalent to the dilution of 78.789% and for the Trolox® standard, it presented IC50 of 2.48 µg / mL. ABTS Method, the 25% gel formulation presented IC50 of 3.687 mg / mL equivalent to a dilution of 77.75% and for the Trolox® standard it presented IC50 of 2.99 µg / mL, a difference from the other formulations. The results evidenced a relation between the percentage of inhibition and concentration of the samples with an accepted correlation (R2) for the gels at 25%, 50%, 75% of extract of Origanum vulgare and Trolox® of 0.9972; 0.9987 and 0.9986 respectively. FRAP Method, with fast action during the 4 minutes, being 125 mg of extract contained in the gel 25% equivalent to 4mg of Trolox®. Conclusions: It was determined that the antioxidant activity equivalent to Trolox®, with antioxidant assays, with the best average free radical uptake power (Trolox / mg) of extract was present in the gel of Extract of Origanum vulgare 25%.

Investigation of the possible protective effect of Smilax fluminensis steud. leaf in mice subjected to oxidative stress by paracetamol

Paracetamol (PCM) is a drug widely used by the population as an antipyretic and analgesic. If administered in high doses it can cause liver damage, leading to hepatoxicity. The genus Smilax, found in temperate and tropical regions, is traditionally used by the population through the extract of leaves and roots for several conditions, such as in the treatment of syphilis, diabetes, asthma and as a diuretic action. Through this, Smilax fluminensis leaf extracts were used to evaluate the protective effect against oxidative stress induced by a high dose of PCM in mice that received the drug and after receiving treatment with crude extract and fractions. Plasma analysis was performed using as partate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol, in addition to biochemical techniques such as catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (ASA), substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and carbonylated proteins (CARBONYL) of liver, brain and kidneys. Fraction 1 of the extract was the most promising, decreasing the plasma levels of AST and ALT, the levels of CAT and GST of the liver, together with GSH and in the renal and brain tissue there was a decrease in carbonylated proteins (PCM + F1 versus PCM ). Besides, fraction 1 proved to be hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic. It is concluded that fraction 1 of Smilax fluminensis leaves has good antioxidant activity in the face of the damage caused by the high dose of paracetamol.

Oxidative stress in female dogs with mammary neoplasms / Estresse oxidativo em cadelas com neoplasia mamária

The result of the reaction of free radicals with biomolecules is the formation of substances with the potential of inducing oxidative damage, a condition known as oxidative stress. There are voluminous literature data reporting the association, both as a cause and as a consequence, between different diseases and oxidative stress. In this study, 144 female dogs with mammary neoplasia were analyzed. The animals were submitted to clinical evaluation for disease staging, hematological evaluation, serum biochemistry (renal and hepatic function tests), and dosage of the oxidative damage biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA), at the time of its approach and 30 days after treatment. A control group of 100 healthy animals was also submitted to determination of serum MDA levels. The mean age of the animals affected by mammary neoplasms was 9.88±2.95 (4 to 14) years, while in healthy animals it was 2.31±1.90 years (1 to 6). Of the 144 animals, 113 (78.9%) had malignant neoplasms, and 15, 21, 46, 17 and 14 animals were in clinical stage I, II, III, IV and V respectively and the carcinoma in a mixed tumor was the most frequent histological pattern in this group (26%). Thirty-one animals were diagnosed with benign neoplasms and mammary adenoma was the most frequent histological pattern in 15 animals (51.61%). Hematological changes in the preoperative period were observed in 44 (38.9%) and 12 (38.7%) animals with malignant and benign neoplasias, respectively, and there was a positive correlation between anemia and higher levels of MDA (P=0.0008) for animals with malignant tumors. Regarding serum biochemical parameters, the most frequent alterations in animals with malignant neoplasms were elevated ALT levels in 12 animals (10.6%), creatinine in 10 animals (8.84%) and urea in eight animals (7.07%). Females with benign neoplasms presented less occurrence of changes in these parameters. In the group of healthy animals (control), the mean serum MDA values were 12.08±4.18, whereas in the pre-treatment group, mean MDA was 24.80±5.74 for bitches with benign neoplasms and 32.27±10.24 for bitches with malignant tumors. A significant increase (P<0.001) in MDA levels was observed in animals with malignant mammary neoplasms when compared to healthy animals and with benign tumors. In addition, a significant reduction (P<0.001) was observed 30 days after treatment in MDA levels (27.37±7.86) in animals with malignant tumors. In conclusion, our results indicate an association between MDA seric levels and mammary neoplasms in dogs. The results suggest that this factor can be used as a biomarker of oxidative stress with a potential impact in the prognostic of mammary tumors, since significantly higher levels of MDA were detected especially in dogs carrying malignant tumors and presenting anemia.(AU)

O resultado da reação de radicais livres com biomoléculas é a formação de substâncias que podem ser utilizadas como marcadores de dano oxidativo, condição mais conhecida como estresse oxidativo. Evidências científicas comprovam a relação, quer como causa, quer como consequência, entre muitas doenças e o estresse oxidativo. Neste estudo, 144 cadelas portadoras de neoplasia de mama, foram submetidas à avaliação clínica para estadiamento da doença, avaliação hematológica, testes de função renal e hepática e dosagem do biomarcador de dano oxidativo, malondialdeído (MDA), no momento de sua abordagem e 30 dias após realização de tratamento. Um grupo controle de 100 cadelas saudáveis foi submetido também à determinação dos níveis séricos de MDA. A idade média dos animais acometidos por neoplasias mamárias foi de 9,88±2,95 (4 a 14) anos, enquanto que nos animais saudáveis foi de 2,31±1,90 anos (1 a 6). Dos 144 animais, 113 (78, 9%) apresentavam neoplasias malignas, sendo que 15, 21, 46, 17 e 14 animais encontravam-se em estadiamento clínico I, II, III, IV e V respectivamente, e o carcinoma em tumor misto foi o padrão histológico mais frequente neste grupo (26%). Trinta e um animais tiveram diagnóstico de neoplasias benignas, sendo que 7 estavam no estádio I, 16 no estádio II e 8 no estádio III e o adenoma mamário foi o padrão histológico mais frequente em 15 animais (51,61%). Alterações hematológicas no período pré-operatório foram observadas em 44 (38,9%) e 12 (38,7%) animais portadores de neoplasias malignas e benignas, respectivamente, sendo que houve correlação positiva entre anemia e níveis mais elevados de MDA (P=0,0008), para os animais com tumores malignos. Em relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos, as alterações mais frequentes nos animais com neoplasias malignas foram a elevação dos níveis de ALT em 12 animais (10,6%), de creatinina em 10 animais (8,84%) e de ureia em oito animais (7,07%) Cadelas portadoras de neoplasias benignas apresentaram menor ocorrência de alterações nesses parâmetros. No grupo controle, a média dos valores séricos de MDA foi 12,08±4,18, enquanto que no grupo pré-tratamento, a média de MDA foi de 24,80±5,74 para as cadelas com neoplasia benigna e 32,27±10,24 para as neoplasias malignas. Verificou-se aumento significativo do valor sérico de MDA em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias malignas em comparação com os animais hígidos ou com neoplasias benignas (P<0,001). Ainda, 30 dias após o tratamento observou-se uma diminuição significativa (P<0,001) no valor médio de MDA (27,37±7,86) nos animais com neoplasias malignas. Em conclusão, os resultados deste estudo evidenciam uma associação entre níveis séricos aumentados de MDA e presença de neoplasias mamárias em cadelas. Os resultados sugerem que este fator pode ser utilizado como biomarcador de estresse oxidativo em cães, com provável impacto no prognóstico dos tumores mamários, uma vez que níveis significativamente mais altos de MDA foram detectados especialmente nas cadelas portadoras de tumores malignos e apresentando anemia.(AU)